The Moos Room™

Joe: Welcome to The Moos Room everybody. Not a whole lot to tell you today before we get into the show, Andrew Swanson is back with us talking beef genetics today. If you didn't get a chance to listen to last week, we talked dairy beef genetics with Andrew and it was a great episode. Enjoy this episode. Thank you again to Andrew for coming in. Welcome to The Moos room everybody. We are back with Andrew Swanson. Andrew is from Select Sires. Today we're in his wheelhouse, we're talking beef genetics. Just like last time in the dairy beef episode, Andrew gave us just a little bit of a breakdown, how you select sires and you can help beef producers and if they need help how they get ahold of you.
Andrew: Thanks for having me on again, guys. Anything to do with beef reproduction, we can help get a large team of people that can help with actually breeding the cows and artificially inseminating them. If you need help with matings, on what bulls you're going to use on your cows, overall reproductive health of your cows and different options that we can provide to help you ultimately put more money in your pocket.
Joe: Perfect. If you're looking for your rep, you're looking for how to get ahold of these guys, in addition to checking out our website, extension.umn.edu, please head to selectsires.com and mnss.coop, M-N-S-S.C-O-O-P for the Minnesota-specific website for Select Sires. I guess we're going to start a new thing on our beef episodes, we're asking everybody their favorite beef breed. Let's start with our guests and then we'll get into-- we'll see what everybody else says. Andrew, what's your favorite beef breed?
Andrew: I'm looking at everyone here smiling. I'm excited too to see what everyone's going to come up with. I'll say Black Angus is my favorite beef breed. Probably the most common breed that I work with and grew up with and that would definitely still be my choice.
Joe: Sounds good. Emily, what do you got?
Emily: You ready for this?
Joe: I'm ready.
Emily: I'm serious. I have liked this breed for several years. I like Chianinas.
[crosstalk[
They're pretty.
Joe: I'll be honest, I'm going to have to look up how to spell that when I put it on the tally sheet.
Emily: C-H-I-A-N-I-N-A.
Joe: I will still look it up later because there's no way I caught all that, but that's okay.
Emily: It's because Bradley was talking over me, rude.
Joe: [chuckles] It's all good. All right, Brad, what's your favorite breed?
Bradley: Of course, Hereford. We're going to go with Herefords. Why? Family, my grandfather had Herefords, family.
Joe: I am also a big fan of Herefords. I really do like working with them but I can't say they're my favorite. I am also going to have to say Black Angus. Bias because I grew up being around them out west and I'm just biased straight up. That puts them in the lead for the first ever, what's your favorite beef breed? Black Angus with two, Chias with one and Herefords with one. We'll keep that tally, just like we keep it for the dairy side. Good. I'm surprised, I was expecting a mini breed any mini Herefords out there, but we'll see if anybody [crosstalk]-
Emily: Well, in a close second, [unintelligible 00:03:44] Galloway for me.
Joe: Of course, you got to have that [crosstalk].
Emily: Let's go Chianina. Had to.
Joe: Had to. Had to. Andrew, let's get to actual questions and stuff that has to do with what you do. What are you seeing out there for breeds? We'll talk about breeds. What are you seeing out there in commercial operations? What are you seeing?
Andrew: For sure, the most common breed would be Angus that we use beef on beef. I'd say at least 80% to 85% of what we sell for semen would be Black Angus and then maybe about 5%, Red Angus, 5% Simmental, and then some Hereford and Charolais and Limousin round out what we do for business in the coop area.
Joe: What is that going into? You're selling a lot of Angus but what's on the other end? What are these mama cows? Are they purebreds, are they crossbreds? What are they?
Andrew: For the most part, I would say the largest part of our business would be commercial heifers. Having said that, we would also work with commercial cows, registered heifers and registered cows but I'd say 50-plus percent would fit that category specifically of commercial heifers. We do breed probably a large amount of registered cattle as well but I'd say the bulk of our business easily would be with commercial cow-calf producers.
Bradley: Are you talking crossbreds basically? Is that what it is? Are you talking about your purebreds or crossbreds or how does all that work?
Joe: Yes, crossbreds, a lot of straight-bred Angus but they're not registered. Their families have bred Angus for decades and decades, and that's about as Angus as you can be without being registered Angus.
Emily: I'm curious, what are the arguments you hear on both sides of that? Because we seed in dairy, guys that swear by their, "No, we're just straight Holsteins or straight Jerseys," versus the weirdos like Bradley that are like, "I will only do crossbreed," and eventually some Dutch belted. What do you hear from cow-calf producers as far as like, what are the arguments for the commercial guys, what are the arguments for the registered or the ones that are just breeding straight with the same breed, whether it's Angus or something else?
Andrew: Great question. That's probably the most fun part of my job when you're out in the country, you hear different takes on why people breed cattle the way they breed them and one guy can say A, and the second guy can say B and they'll be polar opposites and no one's right and no one's wrong. It's really interesting to hear different reasons on why people make their decisions on how they breed. We've got different types of producers in our area. On the west end of our coop, it's really common to be as much Angus as possible, moderate framed cattle, easy fleshing, good feet, good udders. That's the absolute focus point.
It's not about the biggest calf or the tallest frame or the heaviest calves, but it's consistent, easy-fleshing type, moderate-framed cattle to the west. As you move farther east in the coop, like Eastern North Dakota and into Minnesota, a lot of different opinions. I'd say in general, as you move east, the frame size of cattle gets bigger. It has to do with your feedstuffs. We've got corn silage as we go east, we can grow corn and have corn silage as a feed source. In general, I'd say people breed a little bigger cattle as you go east, maybe not as easy fleshing type cattle, but you can feed it into them.
Corn is pretty cheap right now as you all know, and it just seems like more and more growth and more performance as you move east throughout the coop area.
Joe: What really drives that? We're talking about corn and feed, but is it really efficiency? Are our cattle as you go west more efficient because they have to be or is it truly just a frame size difference?
Andrew: I would say that in general, smaller cattle would be more efficient if I had to pick from a feed efficiency standpoint. Like I said, it just depends where you live. To the east, we've got smaller pastures and we've got more feedstuff. You can put more management into the cattle to the east but as you go west, it's open country, big pastures. It's all about real, functional, moderate in general type cattle.
Joe: I think we see this on the dairy side, too and we talk about it, especially when we-- I think we talked about it in the Azores episodes when we-- I was really surprised that we had cattle on grass, basically, 365 days a year and they were tall, leggy show Holsteins and it doesn't make a whole lot of sense to me. I'm totally biased, I love small to moderate-frame cattle. I think there's so much more efficient. I think we get away with having really big cattle here in Minnesota and certain parts because of the luxury of our feedstuff.
Andrew: I'm not saying that you're right or wrong, one way or the other but it makes total sense to me why people breed the way they do, with the feedstuff and the ability to raise heavy steer calves at weaning, you're getting paid by the pound. Although it's important to be efficient at the same time, it's not wrong by any means to breed them big and breed them tall like we do in the eastern part of North Dakota and into Minnesota.
Emily: As we have said again and again on this podcast with various things, a lot of it also comes down to management style and management goals. This is no exception to that. I think, yes, people have their preferences and it might be that this is what fits with the way I manage and if you have facilities to manage larger animals, you will and if you don't, you won't.
Bradley: Doesn't some of the large size really come down to processors and what they have for facilities and what they're willing to take? How much is that a factor in all of this? Maybe we don't know.
Andrew: In general, I'd say the bigger cows that would raise bigger calves in general. I think they're not going to get necessarily way too big compared to like a Holstein-type calf gets, I think that would be a bigger issue than the commercial beef, beef on beefs type animal that hits the rail. For sure, it's something to take into consideration that the processing plants become extremely inefficient if they have to shut down for that reason.
Joe: While we're on that topic, we kind of are talking a little bit about efficiency and how it has to do with your management system. Are there ways for producers to select for efficiency? Can they find ways to really narrow down and say, "This is what I want, I want an efficient herd."?
Andrew: There's tools that for sure can be used to help with that process. If you look at like the Angus set of EPDs under their production traits, they've got RADG, which is Rate of Average Daily Gain, and DMI which is Dry Matter Intake. Both of those would have a lot to do with feed efficiency. You can use EPDs in general, not just in feed efficiency, but across the board, calving ease, growth, carcass, maternal traits, I wouldn't put all my eggs in the basket of breed them off of your EPDs, but for sure, EPDs are a good tool to use when making those decisions.
Joe: How often do you see guys using $EN?
Andrew: It's probably becoming more and more popular, but honestly not that much in my experience to this stage. Admittedly more and more, but not a whole lot.
Joe: That's an index that I've always-- it's $EN would be an efficiency rating or basically a dollar amount that allows you to compare cows and how easy keeping they are basically, how much feed do they take to do their job. It gives you an actual dollar amount per head when you compare cows on basically how much it costs to keep them around in terms of feed. It's always made a lot of sense. You got that cow all winter. Why not select for it? I've seen the same thing. I don't see a whole lot of people using it, and maybe there's something I'm unaware of as to why you shouldn't.
Bradley: What are they using for EPDs? What are farms and producers selecting for?
Andrew: When you look at the EPDs and the dollar indexes of let's just say that we're going to work with Angus cattle. Calving ease easily would be number one and you talk about differences of opinion and calving ease as well as birth weights, they are really interesting. On one end of the spectrum, we work with producers that they want to touch none of their heifers at calving, they want to put no assistance into their heifers' data. Honestly, lately, I've been hearing more and more that you got too much calving ease into some of these cattle, and our birth weights are small. I think it's maybe time to turn around in some systems for sure.
Joe: There's plenty of studies to show you that birth weight, they don't make up that weight, and so if you have 50, 55-pound calves within the ground when that animal could be having a 80, 90-pound calf, they're not going to make that weight up, so I'm totally on board with that. I think we've gone too far in some instances, but there is a peace of mind aspect to all that. Some people who really don't want to have to worry about it and really don't want to be out there or can't. I get why people are selecting for that super high calving ease and that low birth weight.
Andrew: Well, and the one argument is that you sell them by the pound so you need as many pounds as absolutely possible, and the other argument is that you can't sell them if they're not alive so you need a live calf first. It's a balancing act of what works for you on your farm or your land.
Joe: Yes, I agree with that. That's a good point. It takes a lot of bigger calves to make up for a calf that's not alive. It doesn't always work. There's definitely a tightrope to walk there.
Andrew: Other EPDs that our producers are looking at when making these decisions would be weaning weight and yearling weight. Producers want growth whether it's a calving ease bull or if it's a cow bull, a non-calving ease, bigger birth weight type bull, they want growth. Weaning weight and yearling weight for sure would be right behind calving ease for what producers look at. More and more popular would be the carcass traits as well as the Angus Association last year released $M, so dollar maternal index. After years and years of chasing terminal-type cattle, the association is putting some emphasis on dollar maternal. That would include things like heifer pregnancy, and feet, both claw and angle, EPDs, mature cow size, mature cow weight, that would all factor into the $M index.
Joe: That seems like a great index and there's definitely different strategies out there for what people want to do what they want to breed. Do they want to raise their own replacements or not, and that's a great index to look at if that's something you want to do.
Andrew: Yes. For sure.
Joe: All right. Well, I guess that transitions right into our question of-- unless Bradley you got a question, who is-
Bradley: Yes, sure.
Joe: Go ahead.
Bradley: I always got questions. My genetic thought is going, and maybe this is sort of a little off-topic, but are producers using genomic testing in beef breeds, and are they using that EPD information from those genomic tests, or what's happening in the beef world that you've been seeing as far as genomic testing of those breeds?
Andrew: Great question, Brad. For sure, genomic testing is become really popular, especially with the seed stock herds that we work with. A, the number one reason a lot of people are genomic testing, and we talked about this a little before the podcast started Joe is that the parent verification is huge. When you can properly identify your cattle. I think that's just huge if you're going to be in the seed stock business, it's a must for that reason alone.
On top of that with genomic testing, you're incorporating information into your EPDs, you're not moving the accuracy, maybe a ton right away on a yearling bull or a yearling heifer, but you are improving the accuracy on your EPDs, so you're making them more accurate so you can make better decisions based on the trend, on the traits you look at, the trend of their EPDs on how they're moving with genomics.
Joe: That falls right in with whether or not producers should buy replacements or raise their own. That's a topic that has come up quite often in the last few years, and there's some economic data out there to show that maybe it has to do with herd size. Give me your thoughts on that, Andrew. What do you think?
Andrew: Great question. I don't know if I have an answer to that. I think that it probably would be tough economically if you're raising-- if you put genetics aside, you're probably better off to buy your heifers would kind of be my gut feeling. At the same time, I work for Minnesota Select Sires, and we put a lot of value on genetics. If you're breeding maternal-type cattle and you put emphasis on food quality and udder quality and fleshing ability.
I think those are all things to consider that if you're breeding for those types of traits, I think you need to put some value on the genetics that you're raising, and for sure, consider keeping your own replacement females. We probably do work with more producers that do raise their own heifers and then we breed heifers, a lot of years worth of Select Sires' breedings but I don't know if people that don't put value on genetics. I don't know if people that don't AI if they can say the same thing for raising versus buying their heifers.
Joe: I think that the tricky part about all of it, too, is that most of the data and economic data that I've seen is from places not in Minnesota, so you're looking at data from Nebraska, and that system, especially with how different our feed is, doesn't necessarily directly translate to Minnesota. I think it's a personal choice, but I think it is one of those things that you should consider and should think about a lot more than we probably do right now. I think it's always been a given for a lot of people that you just raise your own replacements. Now it's hard to put a dollar amount on biosecurity too, so that always plays a big part in that. You can't be a closed herd if you're buying replacements.
Andrew: For sure.
Joe: It's something to think about something to talk to your veterinarian about, kind of run some breakevens and see if it's right for you to buy rather than raise your own replacements. Because you can always put in-- if you're not raising your replacements, you can use a terminal bull and there's a lot of money sitting there when you use a terminal bull to breed rather than a maternal bull. I have a question that I have been wanting to ask you for a long time. I really wanted to ask you how big a difference there is between show genetics and real-world genetics, just to start there. I think I have my opinion, but I want to get your take on it.
Andrew: I don't know how to answer that because there's probably both ends of the spectrum that are going to be listening to this, but I think that you can breed for both. Having said that, 99% of the people that I work with are oriented one way or the other. I probably should just leave it at that. [laughs]
Joe: I don't want to get you in trouble. I've always wanted to know that because I think we see it on the dairy and the beef side, we see such a big difference. I don't know. Maybe you can tell me, do you think they're kind of getting closer or farther apart, or where do you think they're going? Maybe that won't get you in trouble so much.
Andrew: I'd say they're probably-- in the industry in general, they're probably getting farther apart, but I'll go out of my way to say that there's some breeders that really, really care about how their cattle look, and they take a lot of pride in the phenotype of their cows and their calves and their decisions, it's mainly based on phenotype, but it's not built for the show stringing. They're making decisions based on functionality and high phenotype cattle that are going to work in the real world. For sure, like we talked about earlier, there's some people breed them one way and some people breed them another way. That's the beauty of this industry is that you can breed them how you want.
Joe: I think that's why I've fallen in love with the cattle industry in general, both dairy and beef, is that it isn't cookie-cutter. It's not. It's not like a swine barn a lot of times. If you've seen one, you've seen most of them. I love that every operation can be completely different, can be successful, and they can tailor it to be successful for their specific goals. There's so many different ways to do it, and that's why I love the industry so much.
Andrew: For sure.
Joe: What do you think about AI? Obviously, you're going to tell me that everyone should AI, I think, but is it for everyone, or is it not something that everyone should do?
Andrew: I'm trying to think of a reason why it's not for everyone. I'm having a hard time. It's kind of two-prong to how I'm going to answer this question. If you talk about a commercial, uh, cow-calf operation. When you talk about synchronization and genetics, those are both two different parts of what I do and what we do as a company that really add value to you. Everyone wants to AI because of the genetics. They hear this hot bull that's sold for a lot of money, and that's the bull we want to use. I don't know if I should be on record saying this, but I think I will. That's not the reason you should AI.
I think if you're looking at dollars and cents, there's a lot of value in what a sync protocol can do for you. People, they want to AI and spread their calving out and breed for a month and get them to breed to this bull and that's fine, but I'd like to challenge those people too, what if you synchronized your cows or your heifers and you could have 50 to 60% of your cows pregnant on day one of the breeding season. Three weeks later, when your cows or your heifers cycle back, you can get done with that cycle and you can be day 25 into your breeding season, and you can have 85 or 90% of your herd pregnant in that window.
That has nothing to do with genetics. That's just the value of synchronization. By moving your cows earlier, moving them tighter, and ultimately making a more uniform calf crop. When I teach slides at AI school, we talk about the value of synchronization and what's it worth. Because it's a preconceived notion that it's too expensive to synchronize your cow herd or if you don't have any money, you can't synchronize that. That's what people think and I always say to that, that if you feel like you don't have any money to synchronize, you should be the number one candidate to be synchronizing.
If you get your cow pregnant today instead of tomorrow, what's that worth? What do your calves gain on grass, Joe, when they're growing? Conservatively two pounds?
Joe: Two pounds. One and a half to two pounds, yes.
Andrew: What's a pound worth in the fall on your cows?
Joe: Every day that they're not gaining weight is worth quite a bit. If we use the numbers we were talking about last week, 2 to 240.
Andrew: We're talking $3 or $4 a day just to have your calf born today instead of tomorrow. That's huge. You don't have an expense in your operation that big per day per cow. Your feed cost is your biggest expense generally, and it's not that much. For sure, if you can on average move your cows up 10 days into your breeding season because of synchronization. If you've got 100 cows and $3 or $4 times 100 cows, you're talking a lot of money when you move it across 10 days. That's the first prong. Then on top of that, now that we've made you some money with synchronization, now we can talk about the value of what genetics can do for you.
Joe: Well, I like that answer, and you'll probably be mad at me for throwing this in, but synchronization doesn't necessarily mean you need to AI. There's a lot of value like Andrew's talking about in synchronization, and you can put a bull out if you synchronize. There's a lot of reasons that people don't AI and I think most of it, to be honest when I'm talking about it, it's either time or facilities, and facilities being a big one.
Andrew: Or labor.
Joe: Or labor. Labor is a big one too. You're right, but facilities is what I see a lot that if you don't have a great way to handle everything and have that process go smoothly, you run into a train wreck when you're trying to work cattle and it doesn't work well when you're trying to breed. I would say, I'll put my plug in, I'm like Andrew, I think synchronization is a huge piece of this and tightening that calving window down.
Synchronization does not necessarily mean you have to AI, you can put a bowl out and there's a lot of studies that show that you actually don't need more bull power if you're properly stocked already. You don't need to add an extra bull to that mix if you're synchronized and you want to put a bull out.
Bradley: Well, we could get into debates about synchronization because Brad takes the other perspective, and Emily, what will I say? Use sensors.
Joe: Sensors for that
Bradley: Use a sensor. Can you use activity monitoring systems? I know this is getting in off the subject.
Emily: [laughs] Joe, you're going to have to make a supercut of all the times Brad mentions putting a sensor in.
Bradley: Put a sensor in it.
Joe: Just put a sensor on it, in it, around it. I will have to make a little cut.
Emily: That can be one of our t-shirts when we have merch.
Bradley: That's right. Put a sensor in it.
[laughter]
I know, Andrew, you've been up breeding cows at North Central Research Center and University of Minnesota with their beef Angus. You're synchronizing there. I know previous faculty had a system up there, but I'm not sure if it's still there.
Andrew: What we did up there was a 7-day CIDR protocol, which is probably the most common for cows that I work with at this point this year. Now a year from now, I might say something different because there's been a new protocol that's recently hit the industry that's got a lot of people talking. Really exciting long-term progesterone protocol for cows. That's probably going to take off next spring. I'd like to touch on Joe the facilities and labor, reasons not to AI. When I started with this job, it was my goal to put myself in the producer's shoes and that's exactly what I could come up with of why is not everyone with cows AI.
That's what I came up with was facilities and labor. We made it our mission as a co-op that those are two problems that we can solve. We've got a team of 16 independent reps and many employees within the company that had the ability to breed cows or work cattle through a shoot properly. From a labor standpoint, we've got that covered, and it took me about two years of convincing, but we did get the facilities going in the right direction as well.
We made a purchase a couple of years ago of a double-wide breeding barn. What we do with that is we can bring that to you, set it up in front of your chute or in front of your alleyway, whether it's in the yard or if it's on grass. We can bring it to you. With that breeding barn, we're able to run cattle through efficiently, comfortably, and get the job done without you necessarily having to go make a big purchase of a working facility.
Joe: Oh, yes. I think when I talk about facilities, you don't need a ton. You need the basics. You need basically a way to crowd them up and an alley. You don't even really have to have a shoot in a lot of cases. You can rent a shoot, the vet can bring a shoot. You can bring a shoot. I think it's still necessary to have the basics in place. There's a lot of different ways to solve that and the labor too. When I was in practice, we always had a team come with and help us work cattle, and having someone who's trained and knows how to handle cattle properly, it's a huge value in that whole process because any stress on these cattle is not going to help your conception rate.
One of the other questions I had about AIing. When you do AI on a farm, how many bulls are you using? Are you using just one bull for all the cows, or are you trying to use a couple? How's that process look?
Andrew: Great question. Again, that's going to go back to the breeder on what they want to do. We've got these large commercial heifer projects where like after I get off this call, we're going to breed the remaining heifers of a 410-head sync project, and every one of them is getting the same bull, and the cleanup bulls that are going on these heifers are all sired by the same bull. All these calves are going to be related to the bull that we are AIing to.
The mindset there is consistency over the course of the group. If they're not AI-bred to this bull, they're going to be bred to the son of this bull. That's the one end of the spectrum mindset. The other end is we work with people that will go breed 50 head [unintelligible 00:31:28] and I might be exaggerating, but we use 35 different bulls. All ends of the spectrum for what people decide to do.
Joe: We didn't really get into timed AI protocols. You mentioned the extended progesterone for cows. Currently, you're running a 7-day CIDR on everything, right, including heifers?
Andrew: Yes. Probably the most common and becoming more common for sure, protocol for heifers would be the 14-day CIDR. That's a long-term progesterone protocol for heifers. We still do have producers that use MGA on heifers, but more and more it seems like the 14-day CIDR for heifers is the way to synchronize them. Then cows, at this point would yes, it'd be the 7-day CIDR.
Joe: Tell us a little more about the extended progesterone. Is that that you're talking for the cows, or are you guys-- Can you talk about it or is that data that-
Andrew: For sure. I'll tell you everything that I know and understand on it. Basically, what it is, it's a long-term progesterone protocol for cows, which doesn't exist. Right now the 7-day is easily the most common sync protocol for cows. That would be considered short-term progesterone. With this long-term progesterone, what they're doing is at CIDR insertion call that Monday, instead of giving a shot of GnRH, you're actually going to give a shot of prostaglandin with the CIDR insertion.
You're going to come back one week later on a Monday, and you're going to give a shot of GnRH to all those cows, but you're not going to remove the CIDR. You're going to leave the CIDR in, but you're going to give a shot of GnRH. One week later, so it would be day 14 since the beginning of the protocol. You're going to run the cows through, remove the CIDR, and give another shot of prostaglandin.
Then you would either heat detect and breed off of that up to 72 to 84 hours, or you would time breed from 60 to 66 hours with a shot of GnRH. The results on that, it was South Dakota and Nebraska last year, 11 different locations, side-by-side trials with this long-term progesterone protocol against the 7-day CIDR protocol. All 11 locations had better conception with the long-term progesterone, every one of them. On average, the conception rate difference was 11 points better than the 7-day CIDR. That's huge to me. I think for one extra trip through the shoot and one extra shot of $2 or $3 prostaglandin, if you can gain 11 points, that's huge. I think a lot of people are going to be interested in that. A lot of people already are interested in that. The data for the protocol probably came out a little too late into the breeding season this year. Otherwise, I think it would've been very popular this spring already.
Joe: I have not read that paper yet, so I got to find that and read it. That's really interesting because that one extra trip to the shoot starts to make a whole lot more sense if that conception rate jump is real.
Andrew: For sure.
Joe: Got enough tape. Unless somebody's got more questions for Andrew. Anybody? Nothing?
Bradley: I don't.
Joe: Okay.
Emily: Let's wrap it.
Joe: All right. That is a wrap on this episode with big thank you to Andrew Swanson for showing up from Select Sires talking beef genetics with us and last week talking dairy cross-beef genetics with us.
Andrew: Thank you guys. Thanks for having me on. I appreciate the opportunity. If anyone is interested in anything that Select Sires can do for them, feel free to give me a call.
Joe: It's a great resource to have someone like Andrew on staff and like you said, it's a team approach at Select Sires. They're willing to help you with all sorts of different things. Check out their website, selectsires.com, and check out the Minnesota-specific website at mnss.coop. Check out our website at extension.umn.edu. As always, scathing rebuttals, comments, questions, send them to themoosroom@umn.edu.
Emily: That's T-H-E-M-O-O-S-R-O-O-M @umn.edu.
Joe: Also, check us out on Facebook @UMNDairy and @UMNBeef. Those are our Facebook pages. We're trying to post as often as we can. We'd appreciate it. If you have time, throw those a like. Thank you for listening, everybody. Catch you next week.
Bradley: Put a sensor in it.
[music]
[00:36:26] [END OF AUDIO]

1