The Moos Room™

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Joe: Welcome, welcome, welcome everybody to The Moos Room. We are just kicking this episode off with a couple of housekeeping items. We have Trent Olson today here from ABS Global, so please check out absglobal.com and how they can help you. Trent will fill us in on all those things as well. We love to see you visiting extension.umn.edu for more information, things to reference. You can also check us out on Facebook at @UMNDairy and @UMNBeef. Those are our Facebook pages for the dairy and the beef teams. We love to see traffic on there, so throw those a like if you get a chance. Enjoy the episode today, everybody. Thank you.
Welcome to The Moos Room, everybody. We are here this week with a guest. Despite warnings from Emily, he has agreed to be on today. Trent Olson is with us from ABS Global. Trent grew up on a dairy farm down in Lewiston. His family milks both registered Holsteins and Jerseys and is still milking cows down by Lewiston. We're excited to have Trent on today because he really is a fellow educator. He specializes in developing genetic training programs and tools for farmers to help them make economic decisions, and especially when it comes to genetics.
Today, we're talking about dairy beef cross animals and using beef on a dairy. I'm sure we'll have plenty of questions for Trent. You heard all of our opinions in the previous episode, so if you haven't listened to that, go back and listen to that to set you up for what we're going to talk about today.
Emily: Then you can compare and contrast, figure out who made more sense.
Joe: Exactly.
Bradley: That would be me.
Joe: [chuckles] It's always Brad. Brad, as we decided I think a couple of episodes ago, we're just really parroting Brad's opinions in this podcast. That's what it's for because he has tenure and that's what we're supposed to do. We're trying to get a tally going, and we're going to start keeping track of what everyone's favorite dairy breed is. Right now, the tally sits at with Jerseys leading everything. Brad and I like Jerseys, so we've got Jerseys at two. We've got Holsteins at zero right now. We have Dutch Belteds at one with Ms. Emily, and then we have a vote for Normandy. Trent, what is your favorite dairy breed?
Trent: I'm going to have to say Holstein, but I'm going to lean on the Jersey side. As far as my favorite type of Holstein, I guess it's a Holstein that adds some things to the Jersey.
Joe: You like the look of a Holstein.
Bradley: Wouldn't that be a crossbreed? That would be a crossbreed, so you're in favor of crossbreeding? Yes.
Trent: Hey, profitability takes no shape or color in my mind. Whatever works for operations are good to me. Everything's green at the end of the day.
Bradley: I agree.
Joe: That's a really good answer. That's a good answer. We'll chalk you up for Holstein, give them their first vote just fine. We were hoping you were going to say Jersey, but you were close.
Emily: I thought for sure you would say Dutch Belted.
Trent: Never.
Joe: [laughs]
Emily: [gasps]
Joe: Got you, there. Got you, there. All right. Let's get into this. Let's get into this. Before we get going too far, Trent is with ABS Global, and I just want to give him a second to tell us a little bit about ABS Global, what they can do for you if you have some genetic questions, and then just how you can get ahold of Trent or his team or anybody at ABS Global if you need some help with something on your farm.
Trent: Thanks. I work within our genetic services department and really what that would be is working in coordination with our local sales team, but really understanding the individual goals and parameters that different farms work in and help building a cohesive genetic strategy to try and build a profitable herd for the future. Quite a bit of my and my team's time is, like I said, building that genetic strategy.
A lot of that comes around to understanding milk pricing for that individual region, so how do we build and create a herd to make the style of milk that we get paid on and how it's incentivized for that local milk processor, but also understand individual environmental issues and understand why cows leave the dairy and really how can we improve the overall genetic levels and trying to think forward in future years, making sure we're creating, at least from a genetic perspective, the right type of cow and the right type of milk production and really hitting those animal targets.
Over the last two or three years, it's been pretty, pretty incredible the amount of emphasis that our team has been spending working on the animal inventory side of things. There's quite a history behind that, and we can get into that of why beef semen has become so popular, but trying to decide how many heifers we truly need to be rearing and making sure that we're making the best possible heifers because in a lot of cases when I sit down and do P&L and trying to understand profitability and ways to improve farm economics, too many heifers and having too high of a cull rate is probably one of the largest opportunities for improvement, short term as well as long term when it comes to cash flow and feed sourcing today.
Joe: Oh, good. We talked a little bit about heifers and how using beef on a dairy is not anything new. It's been around for a long time. We've just come back around to it as we see our heifer having too many heifers in the system.
Bradley: What's the problem with too many heifers? Why would we think that we have too many? Is it feed cost? Is profitability the main driver of that? Just to play devil's advocate.
Trent: Oh, you're good at that, Brad, aren't you?
Bradley: I know. Like most dairy, we got to keep every animal that's born, that's what we've all probably been raised like that. You got to keep everything.
Trent: Heifer hoarders is a mindset that we passed down from generations. Quite a few colleagues that I work with from [unintelligible 00:06:40], for example, they've been using beef semen as a strategy since the early '80s. They're lower inputs. It's incredibly expensive to raise heifers for land base over there. They're seeing a 20%, 25% herd turnover over there and knowing that heifer are expensive to rear and the fact that beef is such a premium. They've been using beef into the dairy herd strategically for decades. The US has been relatively recent. I would say a lot of it comes back to just overall management.
From when I was in college and Brad, you were even there back then, a 15 preg rate was a pretty big deal. Now, we have herds doing over double that. Some are approaching three times that. We've seen such better advances in heifer rearing and nutrition. We just lose so many less heifers throughout that pipeline. Then when you add in the fact that people want to have a easy and seamless calving event for these young heifers, we do know that heifers having heifers compared to bull calves reduces having difficulty, as well as stillbirth, and certainly, sexed semen, has become a component within that, but it's pretty easy to just see those heifer inventories continually grow year on year. When we don't take an approach and really think about our cull rate and working backwards from that, I think there's a lot of opportunity. There's a lot of herds that I see that had as many heifers on feed as they do cows. If they've got a 200-cow herd, they have 200 heifers on feed.
Bradley: That sounds like my herd in Morris. I looked up 317 milking cows and 288 heifers.
Trent: A big question is there's always some cows that need to go and we have to [unintelligible 00:08:31], right? There's various reasons, but those first 20% or 25% are pretty logical substitutions because we need to put a new cow in that slot because they need to leave, but as you know, we have herds that are approaching a 40% to 50% cull rate this year, and those cows really haven't paid for themselves, and it gets pretty expensive to cull a second or third lactation cow that likely is probably making more milk than a young two-year-old that's a week fresh that's trying to replace it. Sometimes, rethinking some of those norms of what should a cull rate be, and let's be more proactive on setting that instead of a cull rate just being a byproduct of the number of heifers you choose to gather in a year.
Joe: I like to have that cull rate be an active process where it's not just an offshoot of what else is happening on your farm. It should be a targeted thing and a number that you target, and that gives you a way to figure out how many heifers you truly need and how much beef semen you really can use on your dairy.
Trent: Thinking back about how many cows really should leave and understanding an ideal herd turnover really sets us up for success on trying to maximize the right amount of maturity and that sweet spot from the lactation side and then the question becomes how many heifers should I freshen in and how can I make those as valuable and invest in genetics as I can.
Beef has really been that relief valve if you will, to prevent too many heifers growing because we know that heifer inventories are growing and there really isn't anywhere in that pipeline that we can sell excess heifers at a profit. We know that they're going on our balance sheet, but they're really carrying a negative cash flow throughout their entire life cycle. In some cases, maybe raising fewer and better heifers not only improves the overall genetic value of our herd, but it also allows us to milk more three in four-year-old cows, which generally will help us from lowering the cost of production.
Joe: Trent, let's get to just big questions right away. What breed should I use?
Bradley: We should start keeping track of that. We should keep track of that. What beef breed?
Trent: I'm going to maybe challenge and give you a non-answer in the way that the beef breed, I'd really think isn't the important part of this conversation. We know that each breed does have its pros and cons. However, we don't use a breed, we use an individual bull. Within that breed, we know that those bulls fall within a bell-shaped curve, so there's some bulls great in a [unintelligible 00:11:10] and below. It's really trying to understand finding the right bulls. Homozygous polled and homozygous black would be the absolute must for a starting point.
Joe: I think I totally agree with that. The homozygous polled, well, I agree with that piece. It has to be polled. I'm not set on black. I really am not. What I am concerned about is creating a uniform group. Creating uniform group and providing something that the feed bot knows how to feed and can be consistent is where I take issue with that. How do you do that? How do you provide a uniform product to a feed bot if you're changing the breed all the time?
Trent: The industry's catching up. There's a lot of feed yards out there that, one or two years ago, were taking these animals and taking whatever's there. They're coming back and saying, "Hey, we're seeing such a variation." The slang out there is dirty Holsteins. There are some animals that are hitting these feed yards that have the muscling and the length of frame and pretty much look like a Holstein that's all black. Others will actually compare and actually beat out [unintelligible 00:12:22] Brad, native Angus. We're seeing some bulls even used on dairy cows actually grade out higher prime than actually native beef breeds. That's very important.
I think the industry's catching up and realizing that hide color is pretty superficial. Going back to why I thought homozygous black is something to look into, some of these animals that we're seeing out of [unintelligible 00:12:48] are actually going through certified Angus beef. These animals that we're seeing, there's a list of-- I'm not going to say all of them, but in order to be certified Angus beef, and as they go through and harvest it as such, certainly, the black hide color all the way through and having non-dairy characteristics are two marks of that.
We are seeing actually more animals that are half dairy going through that certified Angus beef chain. That's probably one of the reasons why we are seeing a premium in the majority of the US on black-hided cross calves versus others, just because these animals are being treated and potentially, still valued at that harvesting point because of those CAB opportunities.
Bradley: Question. Trent, we talked about we should [inaudible 00:13:42] about breed, we should select homozygous. Well, how do we select cows to beef? What's the magic number there? Is it genetic merit? Is it production confirmation? What might you be seeing from people?
Trent: That's a great question, and that's probably one of the biggest opportunities I think that herds have an opportunity to really accelerate the genetic quality of their herd. We see a lot of people choosing to use beef semen as just a reproductive strategy, where they say, after three services or just my problem cows, I'm going to introduce a beef bowl as a way to get a pregnancy. We're really not being selective in determining a genetic level for how good the mother needs to be.
I would say more herds, and what I would typically recommend when possible with to rank our herd and build that, whether it's TPI net merit or even creating your own index based on the genetics that you want to populate, and more importantly, maybe there's some genes within the herd that we maybe want to minimize. Whenever we can be more strategic in removing the bottom 20% or 30%, or 40% of the females genetically, and we're genetically calling them, that really allows us to focus on making a better animal. From an AI side, we spent the last 50 years doing a tremendous job of using the absolute top tier of male genetics.
If we're not the top one 10th of 1% for bulls born, you're not contributing to the gene pool. Yet, on the dairy side, pretty much every cow that comes in heat historically has been bred to dairy semen, and we really haven't had much selection intensity on the female side. When you start leveraging beef semen from a genetic perspective as well as maybe trying to amplify our best genetics through sexed semen, that really allows us to raise the genetic average and that next generation to be even that much better.
However, there are certainly some pros and cons, so we need to have accurate record keeping and we need to have the opportunity and the ability to make that happen behind the [unintelligible 00:15:55] because the best-laid plan is great in an office, but when it comes to actually getting cows bred and making sure it happens out in the pen, we need to match the complexity and the precision of a plan to what can actually be applied on a daily.
Joe: The question that goes along with that for sure is, do you see a difference in fertility between beef and dairy semen?
Trent: Yes. I would say that's probably one of the more common misconceptions out there that beef semen is historically more fertile. When we actually compare against breeds, dairy semen, as a general rule, tends to be a little higher fertility than beef semen. Actually, Holstein semen is the highest of all breeds overall. We see that when it comes to collecting beef bulls. We tend to see the morphology and the post-thaw motility. Those bulls tend to struggle a little more.
One of the things that ABS is focused on is actually creating a pipeline to create genetics specifically for dairy cows. The beef semen that we're putting into the dairy herds today is actually being actually created specifically for the Holstein, and a lot of validation, behind the scenes. We tend to see beef semen, on average, be a few points lower than Holstein semen. Now, there are still beef bulls that are on the high end of that belly-shaped curve that can be similar to a Holstein and even maybe slightly higher. If we just use a random population of bulls, we tend to see actually, the fertility in dairy cows be a little lower.
Bradley: Probably specific too because we use some beef genetics in our herd, and some bulls work great here that don't work on other farms. I think, don't put all your eggs in one basket with one bowl trying to figure that out.
Trent: We've seen probably 2 to 250 bulls that we've actually sent semen out on from a progeny testing perspective, specifically into dairy cows. Once you do the modeling, you see a typical bell-shaped curve distribution. Right now, I think we're probably culling about two-thirds or three-quarters of the bulls based on semen fertility and just trying to identify the top part of that bell-shaped curve for breedings.
Part of it is the environment. Generally, that beef semen's going into a repeat service or an older cow. We're already at a little bit of a disadvantage. I'll see dairy comp backups oftentimes if someone isn't actively selecting for fertility, as a group, maybe three to four points under. Now, when you start thinking about that, that means for every hundred breedings, we've got three or four more open cows, we know what a cost of day open is. You start multiplying the opportunity cost of days open on those repeat breedings. Sometimes, saving a few dollars on semen and giving up fertility to do that can be a pretty expensive trade-off.
Bradley: I'll give you my own dilemma here. How would you go about using sexed semen and beef, which is typical probably in the industry from that perspective? I'll give you a background on our herd. We've generating too many heifers, just like every other farm. We started to use beef. I was breeding 30% to 40% beef and sexed semen on the rest. Well, this year, I'm going to create way more heifers than what I did, even just using conventional semen. I've used 40% beef and sexed semen and going to have way too many heifers again. Is that typical, or is that just my fault?
Trent: It's a momentum thing. If we have too many heifers today, which you said you've already admitted, you're a heifer hoarder, Brad.
Bradley: Of course. [chuckles]
Trent: Between the calving benefits and likely the higher genetic merit, we still want most of our heifers to come from the heifer panel, right?
Bradley: Yes.
Trent: Doing some estimations and trying to model out what percent of our goal replacement rate we can get from our heifers is that first step because that's our top tier of heifers. Then from there, we can really go in and identify the best cows based on genetic merit. There's a few farms that I'm working with now that are flat out-- they're heifer hoarders and they have probably more heifers than they want to have on feed. We're breeding, 75 to 85% of the lactating herd to beef semen today.
Bradley: Wow. That's huge.
Trent: Now we're going to be correcting that. In two years' time that heifer pen is going to go from a 100 heifers month to breed to 70 and get that ideal cull rate dialed in. At that point, we're going to have to reshift that amount. When you think about genetic progress and opportunity, think about 80% beef and how that can really start raising the selection intensity on the female side. There's some pretty big opportunities to really move the needle on that side of things. I would say that's an extreme case. However, realizing that, trying to target that and majority-- there's a lot of herds out there that can get all their replacements from just their heifers just because they have more heifers probably than they need.
Back to your question, it really varies. Sitting down and trying to have a tool, most AI studs and companies out there have some sort of tool or worksheet to walk through that. The one that we have I constructed, that's an interactive app that can show current modeling versus what a proposed strategy lead would be by rethinking that cull rate. Reaching out with your local genetic supplier and asking how we can be a little more strategic would be a great first step to get a little better parameter on maybe what percent of breedings could go to each of those pockets.
Emily: Okay. I have a question.
Joe: Go ahead.
Bradley: What?
Emily: I know every so often, lightning strikes Bradley.
Bradley: I know you got good questions.
Emily: We'll see. My question is, up to this point, all we've talked about is, beef as a strategy to prevent or correct having too many heifers. What would your strategy be for farms that are struggling to have enough heifers but still want to try the beef thing or are asking about the beef thing? What would you say to them or what strategy would you propose?
Trent: Yes, so I would say in most herds, that's probably not a common request, but we do see that whether maybe they're working through some management challenges via environment or looking to grow rapidly. Really understanding where the genetic levels are and each of those ages or populations of your herd and what the overall fertility is, because we know that sexed semen does have an opportunity to really raise that coin flip of do we get a replacement out of her or not? We can really stack the deck in our favor, but there is a pretty good financial investment, for that technology.
Understanding what our ideal number of heifers is really that starting point. We can create that ideal herd turnover rate through, 80% conventional and 20% beef. More and more herds are actually asking, "How can we get away from conventional?" They're either, "I'm all sexed and all beef," and basically we draw the line based on the selection intensity based on the number of pregnancies we need to hit that.
That's more animal welfare and actually processor expectations that we see in some parts of the world. Really, it comes back to I think is how many heifers and what's our goal and working around that because once we identify the right number of heifers to raise and what the healthy cull rate should be in our herd, then that really gives us the roadmap on how to get there. I think there's a lot of different roads and paths we can take to get there. It's just a matter of the amount of investment and precision that people deploy in their genetic plan.
Joe: We're starting to see some producers voicing concerns that people don't want to raise the heifers that come out of these crossbred breedings. Personally, I think that if you use quality semen, it's not something you have to worry about. What can we do to make sure that those heifers actually have a place to go?
Trent: Yes. A lot comes back to-- I think it's like a relay race. From a dairy producer, we're really determining the overall quality of that animal through that lifetime because we're selecting the genetics when we purchase and breed that cow. We're really focused on that conception to calving side of things. Once that calf is born, really we're handing that baton off to the beef supply chain and we need to make sure that we're creating the type of animal with efficiencies and carcass yield that makes sense for them that's really profitable for it.
There is, I would say a little bit of a challenge on understanding that, I'll be honest most of the connections that I have and work through that, these steers and heifers are really becoming, not much of a discount where they're--, most of these are ending up in south central US from that. There's actually some research out there. University of Wisconsin actually tracked-- it's been about three years now but has actually a herd that I work with a little bit and they track some dairy beef animals from birth to weaning and then all the way to carcass and the heifers actually graded out and were just as competitive on the rail as the steer counterparts.
The one thing we do see is that those animals typically take a little longer to finish and this is just Trent's hair-brained commentary and not validated, but when they say, "Hey, these are great quality animals, they just take longer to finish." Well, it makes sense why. If we're thinking we got a 15-month-old heifer, how many heat cycles would you've gone through? Say three or four?
Joe: Three or four.
Trent: Yes. Well, there's probably three or four days on every heat cycle that her feed consumption was down and she's churning around putting on steps like crazy. She probably had three or four days of every heat cycle that maybe her average yearly gain was flat or if not even backwards. When you think about those days that she was really not behaving like a feed yard animal and was [unintelligible 00:26:38], that counts to about probably a month of her life that was spent not putting on muscle that the steer counterpart would be.
I'm not saying that's the reason why, but you know, we do see those animals breed out very similar all the way through. However, traditional mindsets within that beef supply chain say that the steers are a little quicker to finish so they'll generally put a 5 or 10% premium on those animals throughout their lifecycle.
Joe: Isn't that balanced by feeding MGA though?
Trent: I can't answer that. I'll throw it back to you.
Joe: Okay. I would say that typically there's a lot of balance that goes on there as far as days on feed. For me, if you were to not feed MGA, there's potential that that heifer would need to be on feed for a longer, longer period to be able to finish. She also finishes at a lighter weight, right? A lot of times it's balanced by the fact that she finishes at a lighter weight. I think it's definitely balanced if you feed MGA. Performance, everything average daily gain can really be balanced by feeding that MGA to knock back those heats. I think there is a definite place for these heifers to go and they're a valuable portion of the beef supply chain.
Trent: The other thing that we tend to forget is that with biology, what would the alternative be? If that wasn't a beef cross heifer, it would've been a mediocre genetic Holstein heifer. What does that lifecycle look like? Chances are we would've probably fed her, calved her in, and called her halfway through her two-year-old record because we didn't have room for her. Well, we had her on feed for, what, 30 months. She's a 1200-pound animal that we got 50� for at market.
Well, what's the alternative? If we would've, changed her height and her genetics at conception, we'd still be putting a female into that beef supply chain. We're still maybe putting roughly the same amount of meat into that market, but what's the difference? Well, we're putting her in at 15 months of age and we're getting probably double live weight for it. When you think about what the alternative live weight would be for that heifer being born, it's still a big benefit now. They're always going to be a little behind the steer counterpart, but we can't forget what she would have been otherwise.
Joe: Yes, and that's a great point because there are huge advantages or there's huge opportunity to feed heifers. If you know how to manage potentially some of the additional challenges that come with feeding a heifer and know how to manage feeding MGA to reduce those heats, you can have a big margin and play there. I think it's time for everyone to realize that there is opportunity there and we don't have to create another situation where we end up with something that just takes the place of that Jersey bull calf. There's a lot of companies and especially in Minnesota, we end up pushing Limousin as the breed of choice a lot of the time. What's your take on all of that, Trent?
Trent: Yes, so I think Limousin is certainly, a hot topic and I've seen a lot of successful farms use Limousin. That breed is known for phenomenal carcass traits and really in that feed yard, those Limousin animals do excel. From a fertility side, the Limousin performance into dairy cows, I would say has been quite positive. Limousin has been gaining some traction there. The one thing that we have seen, and not saying every bull, but dairy producer is the one thing that they probably aren't as familiar with compared to the beef world is gestation length.
Dairy animals and specifically Holsteins and jerseys generally run around 278 to 280 gestationally. We've been pretty blessed. We really haven't given a lot of thought to that. Simmental and Angus generally fall within 280 to 282, or maybe on the bad side, 285. Generally, those pregnancies, even in dairy cows will be a couple of days longer. If you flip the back of an AI calendar, you'll see that Limousin has one of the longer gestation limits.
When you start thinking, "Okay, that's an extra 7 to 10 days. How does that impact the dairy operation?" Well, unless we're adjusting dry-off dates, we're adding 10% more days in the dry period. All of a sudden instead of that cow being seven days in milk, she's just laying down to have a calf now. When you start thinking about the most expensive area on a dairy, whether it's feed and labor and different things, that dry cow pen and closeup tends to be a pretty bottleneck area.
When we do see some animals consistently being 7, 8, 9, 10 days longer gestation length than what they're used to, that can cost some opportunities to really tighten that up. Not saying that's a common thing within the breed, but at least in dairy count backups and at least individual bulls, we do see gestation links run long on all breeds, but limousin can be more common. That would just be one thing that I've seen that has become a bottleneck issue for dairy producers that never really realize because they get so focused on calving ease and semen fertility, but they don't realize that once we're into this new era of different breeds, gestational links can throw you for a curve ball if you're not used to it.
Joe: Now, my question has always been, what if-- There's been arguments about calving ease. Calving ease, was it actually the confirmation of the calf? Was it birth weight or what all played into that, but some of that we started to think was actually due to a shorter gestation length. You still see this true for truly, really high calving ease bulls. Do you see that run true?
Trent: Yes. The first thing I would say is that just looking at-- From an ABS side, we've been working on this for a few years and have not a ton of data, but I would say 300 to 400 bulls worth of observations on dairy cows. Probably one of the surprising things is actually the correlations between DPPDs and performance in the dairy herd is a lot lower than you think. We'll see some Angus bulls and then pop 10% or 20% for say, having difficulty for EPD actually become quite poor and below average on that.
Translating EPDs to expecting that same superiority on dairy cows isn't a given. We're actually seeing some beef bulls actually have less calving dystocia challenges into the dairy herd than maybe what their EPD shows.
Joe: That really puts a handcuff on farmers as far as how do they choose then? They can't use EPDs. What can they do?
Trent: I would say it gives us a good direction, but it's not identical on that. Directionally, I think, finding those best EPDs are a good starting point, but there's a lot of opportunity to be had. That was one of the reasons, seeing the growth not only from a global perspective but [unintelligible 00:34:10] is why, ABS has been really trying to not only select and create bulls specifically for dairy cows but collecting that information and actually doing genetic evaluations like they are a dairy bull.
Let's look at gestation length, let's look at semen fertility, let's look at cavities on Holsteins and account for parity, season, time, year effect, all that, and actually trying to get the same data and accuracy that producers have had at their fingertips. When you think about what's the accuracy and reliability that beef producers are used to having when it comes to selecting genetics and the avenues for collecting data compared to the Holstein Avenue, I don't think the dairy industry realizes how good we've had it as far as getting large amounts of accurate data when you start talking to beef producers and how they get those EPDs and how difficult it is to get a lot of that information and just making sure that we're using all those tips at our disposal.
Joe: I think we covered most of what we had on the schedule today to cover, and I think we'll wrap it there. If you need something to reference, go to extension.umn.edu for more information. Thank you for listening everybody today, and we'll catch you next episode.
Quick set of housekeeping things on the end of this episode guides. Thank you again to Trent Olson for being on. We really appreciate your time and we really appreciate all the good answers you had for us today. I truly did learn a lot. Please head to absglobal.com, great website, lots of good information. They even have a great tool to find out who your rep is at the company. You just got to type in your zip code and it'll point you directly to who you need to talk to. That's all I got. We'll catch you next week.
Bradley: Depends on the day, whether it's--
Emily: Hey Brad, you're ruining it. Let's go.
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